PROJECT GOAl:

The project's primary goal is to provide a safety net captive broodstock population that can be used to sustain Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka).  The program's secondary goal is to generate fish that can be used to speed the rebuilding of this population listed as Endangered under the U. S. Endangered Species Act.

The Salmon Subbasin Plan includes these future goals for Redfish Lake Sockeye:
• Natural spawning component of 2,000 adults, based on the NOAA Fisheries interim abundance delisting criteria.
• Long-term return of 8,000 - 44,500, based on management plans.
• For FY 2005 produce approximately 125,000 eyed eggs for transfer to Idaho for use in some combination of egg box, presmolt, and smolt release and to produce approximately 250 adult fish that will be allowed to spawn naturally and approximately 250 adult for artificial production.


BACKGROUND:

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), in partnership with Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) has been maintaining U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed Snake River sockeye salmon from Redfish Lake, Idaho in a captive broodstock program since 1991 (Flagg 1993; Flagg and McAuley 1994; Flagg et al. 1995a, 1996, 1998, 2001; Frost et al. 2002).  Captive broodstocks are a form of artificial propagation where fish are cultured in captivity for most or all of their life cycle.  These programs provide a safety net to prevent populations from going extinct.  Captive broodstock programs generate much higher egg-to-spawner survival (usually > 50%) than occurs in nature (usually < 0.2 %) (Flagg et al. 1995b, Schiewe et al. 1997).  This higher inculture survival of captive broodstock salmon enables them to produce a large number of eyed eggs, fry, and smolts per generation for use in restoration programs.  This large number of progeny per generation is being used by the program to "jumpstart" the restoration of ESA-listed endangered Redfish Lake sockeye salmon.

In the Salmon Subbasin Summary, federal, state, and tribal agencies repeatedly call for artificial production programs, like the Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock program, to meet goals and objectives (Section 5.2, Fisheries Needs 14 and 15).  The continuation of current programs, such as the Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock program, is also a required reasonable and prudent action (Item 177) in the NMFS 2000 FCRPS Biological Opinion.  In addition, the implementation and refinement of captive broodstocks for the recovery of Snake River sockeye salmon have been identified as priorities in the 1994 Northwest Power Planning Council's (NWPPC) Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program (7.4A.1-3), are part of the overarching and regional objectives of the 2000 NWPPC Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program, and are priorities described in the NMFS proposed Recovery Plan for Snake River salmon.

Between 1991 and 2003, NMFS has captive reared the progeny of sockeye salmon that returned to Redfish Lake.  Maturity of these fish in captivity from fall 1994 through 2002 has resulted in hundreds of prespawning adults; hundreds of thousands of eyed eggs; and thousands of juveniles being provided to IDFG for release to Stanley Basin lakes.  In upcoming years, the cooperative NMFS/IDFG Redfish Lake captive broodstock program should continue to provide large numbers of animals for use in recovery efforts.  NMFS feels that continuation of cooperative captive broodstock programs is imperative to aid recovery of Redfish Lake sockeye salmon.


EXPECTED OUTCOME:

Because of the critically low population size of Redfish Lake sockeye salmon, captive broodstocks appear to offer the only hope to maintain the species while habitat improvements are underway.  Maintaining geographically separate captive brood populations will help reduce the risk of catastrophic loss of the Redfish Lake sockeye salmon gene pool from mechanical failure, human error, or disease.  In upcoming years, continuation of the Redfish Lake captive broodstock programs should provide hundreds of thousands of eggs for use in recovery efforts.  It is virtually certain that without the boost provided by these captive broodstock projects, Redfish Lake sockeye salmon would soon be extinct.

REFERENCES:

Flagg, T. A.  1993.  Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock rearing and research, 1991-1992.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-92BP41841, 16 p.

Flagg, T. A. and W. C. McAuley.  1994.  Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock rearing and research, 1991-1993.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-92BP41841, 99 p.

Flagg, T. A., C. V. W. Mahnken, and K. A. Johnson.  1995a.  Captive broodstocks for recovery of depleted populations of Pacific salmon.  Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 15:81-90.

Flagg, T. A., F. W. Waknitz, and C. V. W. Mahnken.  1995b.  The captive broodstock concept: application to Pacific salmon.  In T. A. Flagg and C. V. W. Mahnken (editors), An assessment of the status of captive broodstock technology for pacific salmon, pages 1-1 to 1-60.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-93BP55064.

Flagg, T. A., W. C. McAuley, M. R. Wastel, D. A. Frost, and C. V. W. Mahnken.  1996.  Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock rearing and research, 1994.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-92AI41841, 98 p.

Flagg, T. A., W. C. McAuley, M. R. Wastel, D. A. Frost, C. V. W. Mahnken, and J. C. Gislason.  1998.  Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock program, NMFS, P. 127 135.  In  R. Z. Smith (editor), Proceedings of the 48th Annual Pacific Northwest Fish Culture Conference, Gleneden Beach, OR, December 1997.

Flagg, T. A., W. C. McAuley, D. A. Frost, M. R. Wastel, W. T. Fairgrieve, and C.V.W. Mahnken.  2001.  Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock rearing and research, 1995-2000.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-AI79-92BP41841, 71 p.

Frost, D. A., W. C. McAuley, D. J. Maynard, and T. A. Flagg.  2002.  Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock rearing and research, 2001.  Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Contract DE-A179-92BP41841, 22 pp.

Schiewe, M. H., T. A. Flagg, and B. A. Berejikian.  1997.  The use of captive broodstocks for gene conservation of salmon in the western United States.  Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Aquacult., Suppl. 3:29-34.