This project is proposed as on-site, partial mitigation for impacts of Albeni Falls Dam.  Fall draw downs of the naturally created Lake Pend Oreille greatly reduced the amount of shoreline spawning habitat for kokanee, the primary forage of bull trout and rainbow trout.    Albeni Falls Dam also inundated about 26 miles of the Pend Oreille River and the lower two miles of the Clark Fork River.  Thus, both river and lake habitats have been changed by the operation of the dam.  The goal of this project is to recover the sport fisheries that were impacted by the federal hydropower system.

This study has documented that the predation on kokanee is a threat to the Lake Pend Oreille ecosystem.  Exceptionally high predation levels by lake trout and rainbow trout could extirpate kokanee from the lake.  Without kokanee, lake trout and bull trout would be in direct competition for a limited food supply.  In Flathead Lake, Montana and Priest Lake, Idaho, lake trout replaced bull trout once the kokanee forage base was gone.  We therefore propose the objective of restoring the bull trout population so that it is healthy enough to provide a harvest of 1,000 fish annually in the lake.  To accomplish this objective we propose several tasks, including the direct removal of lake trout using trap nets and gill nets.  Hansen et al. (2006) estimated that lake trout are currently being exploited at a level that results in annual mortality in excess of 50%.  This is beyond the threshold where lake trout populations begin to decline.  Continued lake trout removal is needed to cause a substantial decline in lake trout abundance, which should translate into increased kokanee abundance.    Rainbow trout are the second most abundant kokanee predator in the lake.  Management actions have been enacted to reduce rainbow trout abundance.  These actions include allowing unlimited angler harvest, allowing the use of four fishing rods, opening tributary streams to fishing, and paying anglers a $15 per fish bounty.   The Avista Corporation is cost-sharing on efforts to reduce kokanee predation by funding a bounty program for lake and rainbow trout harvested by anglers and by funding a large portion of the lake trout netting efforts. The current study includes work aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of predator reduction efforts.  This includes evaluating the responses of both the lake trout and kokanee populations.

Field work in this proposal is largely to be conducted by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game.  However, several subcontracts are proposed for portions of the work.  The Washington Department of Fisheries will examine kokanee otoliths to determine whether they are of wild or hatchery origin.  Operation of gill nets and trap nets to remove lake trout will be conducted by Harbor Fisheries.  A graduate project conducted by the University of Idaho will evaluate nutrient dynamics and help determine whether nutrient enhancement is a viable strategy for improving kokanee survival.

Tasks in this Statement of Work fall under four major objectives:

Objective 1-  Kokanee restoration, "To restore kokanee abundance in Lake Pend Oreille so that it is capable of sustaining a harvest of 300,000 kokanee on an annual basis, by 2015."  Several work elements address this objective.  One work element is to assist the USFWS with long-term lake level management planning.  Fluctuating the winter water level has been shown to increase spawning habitat for kokanee and increase their egg-to-fry survival by 2.5 times.  We will continue to provide input into the process of choosing winter lake levels throughout the duration of this project.  The project will also monitor shoreline spawning habitat to see if lake level management is producing the desired habitat.  Predator control, explained in the objective below, is also intended to help restore kokanee.    During the project, the kokanee population will be examined to determine if these predator control efforts are successful.  A new task for 2009 is to evaluate the benefits of fertilization to enhance the kokanee population.  Studies will begin that define the needed baseline data as well as determine the methods to accomplish this approach.

Objective 2 - Bull trout / Cutthroat trout Preservation,  "To reduce the lake trout population to a level where lake trout are no longer threatening the kokanee population.”   The work element of "Lake trout removal by gill nets and trap nets" is to reduce the number of lake trout, which are known to be a competitor of bull trout and a predator on cutthroat trout.  In addition to threatening the long-term persistence of bull trout and cutthroat trout, lake trout pose a predation threat to kokanee that threatens to collapse the stock.  

Objective 3-  Restore Bull Trout,  "To restore bull trout so that they can meet USFWS recovery criteria and provide a fishery with a harvest of 1,000 fish annually in Lake Pend Oreille by 2030".  This is relates to objective two.  Efforts to reduce predators will benefit bull trout by reducing competition with lake trout and increasing the abundance of kokanee, which are the primary food supply for bull trout.   As part of a cooperative effort, Avista Power Company is funding a $15/fish bounty program on rainbow and lake trout to help reduce predator numbers.  This supplements the lake trout removal efforts described by the work element of "Lake trout removal by gill nets and trap nets."  

Objective 4-  Improve survival of kokanee,  "Improve survival of kokanee in Lake Pend Oreille so that the population can sustain an annual harvest of 375,000 individuals (the original mitigation objective for the hatchery).  This relates to objective one.  In addition to reducing predator abundance, a work element is included to evaluate nutrient dynamics and their relation to kokanee surivival.  This represents a major step towards determining whether lake fertilization can be used as a strategy to improve kokanee survival.