This project evaluates a new, dynamic genetic technology that should be cheaper and more efficient than coded-wire tags for tagging hatchery steelhead and Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin. This technology, called Parentage Based Tagging (PBT), should provide a better tool to meet Fish & Wildlife Program objectives associated with tagging hatchery stocks, conducting hatchery evaluations and reform, and enforcing salmonid fishery management measures. This project will genotype approximately 16,500 samples annually (2010 through 2016) to create the first PBT parental genetic baselines for hatchery steelhead and Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin. In doing so, it will effectively, permanently genetically mark ~12 million smolts, per species, per year. This project will work closely with an existing BPA funded project (2008-907-00) to ensure that future genetic marker sets used in the Columbia River basin are standardized, providing unprecedented genetic tools for managing wild and hatchery stocks in the basin: with Genetic Stock Identification techniques segregating adult wild runs by stock of origin, and Parentage Based Tagging technologies identifying the stock and age of sampled hatchery fish.